FAQs About the U.S. Citizenship Process: Answers to Common Questions

Whether you’re a green card holder looking to naturalize or have questions about specific eligibility criteria, this comprehensive list of frequently asked questions and detailed answers aims to provide clarity and guidance. From the basic requirements to the naturalization tests, criminal records, residency concerns, and more, we’ve compiled information to help you through the process of U.S. citizenship. Please note that immigration laws and policies can change, so it’s always recommended to consult the official USCIS website or seek professional legal advice for the most up-to-date information.

Q: What is the process of becoming a U.S. citizen called?

A: The process is called naturalization.

Q: Who is eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship?

A: Generally, lawful permanent residents (green card holders) who meet certain criteria can apply for U.S. citizenship.

Q: How long do I need to be a permanent resident before I can apply for citizenship?

A: You must be a permanent resident for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen) before applying for citizenship.

Q: What are the basic requirements for naturalization?

A: The basic requirements include being at least 18 years old, having good moral character, and being able to speak, read, and write basic English.

Q: Do I need to take a test to become a U.S. citizen?

A: Yes, applicants are required to take a civics and English test, unless they qualify for an exemption based on age and length of residency.

Q: What is the civics test?

A: The civics test is an exam that assesses your knowledge of U.S. history, government, and the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.

Q: What is the English test?

A: The English test evaluates your ability to read, write, and speak basic English.

Q: Can I take the naturalization test in my native language?

A: No, the civics and English tests are generally administered in English. However, certain exemptions or accommodations may apply.

Q: How can I prepare for the naturalization test?

A: The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) provides study materials, including the official civics questions and answers.

Q: Do I need to have a clean criminal record to become a citizen?

A: A criminal record may affect your eligibility for citizenship. USCIS considers the nature and seriousness of the offense when evaluating your application.

Q: Do I need to be physically present in the United States during the naturalization process?

A: Yes, you generally need to maintain continuous residence in the United States and be physically present for a specific period before applying for citizenship.

Q: How long does the naturalization process take?

A: The processing time can vary, but it typically takes around 6 to 12 months from the time of application to the oath ceremony.

Q: Can I travel outside the United States during the naturalization process?

A: Yes, but you should be careful about the duration and frequency of your trips to ensure that you meet the residency requirements.

Q: How much does it cost to apply for U.S. citizenship?

A:  The Filing fee for the N-400 naturalization application is $640 with an $85 biometric fee for a total of $725, where applicable

Q: Can I apply for a fee waiver?

A: In some cases, applicants with low income or financial hardship may be eligible for a fee waiver. You can check the USCIS website for the latest information.

Q: Can I lose my green card if my naturalization application is denied?

A: It is possible, but generally, a denial of your naturalization application does not automatically result in the loss of your permanent resident status.

Q: Is it necessary to have a lawyer to apply for U.S. citizenship?

A: While it is not required to have a lawyer, some applicants choose to hire a lawyer to guide them through the naturalization process, especially if they have complex immigration issues or concerns.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I am married to a U.S. citizen?

A: Yes, if you are married to a U.S. citizen and meet certain residency and other requirements, you may be eligible to apply for citizenship after 3 years of permanent residency.

Q: What documents do I need to include with my naturalization application?

A: The required documents may include your green card, identification documents, tax returns, and any relevant supporting evidence to establish your eligibility.

Q: Will I be interviewed as part of the naturalization process?

A: Yes, after submitting your application, you will be scheduled for an interview with a USCIS officer. The interview is typically conducted in person.

Q: What happens during the naturalization interview?

A: During the interview, the USCIS officer will review your application, ask you questions about your background, assess your English language skills, and administer the civics test.

Q: What happens if I fail the naturalization test or interview?

A: If you fail any portion of the naturalization test or interview, you will have an opportunity to retest or request a new interview, depending on the specific circumstances.

Q: Are there any exceptions to the English and civics tests?

A: Yes, certain applicants may qualify for exemptions or accommodations based on age and length of residency. These exceptions are referred to as “exemptions” and “reduced requirements.”

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I am a member of the U.S. military?

A: Yes, members of the U.S. military and certain veterans may be eligible for expedited naturalization and may have different requirements compared to civilians.

Q: After becoming a U.S. citizen, can I sponsor family members for immigration?

A: Yes, as a U.S. citizen, you can sponsor certain family members for lawful permanent residency, including spouses, children, parents, and siblings.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have unpaid taxes?

A: Unpaid taxes can affect your eligibility for naturalization. It’s important to demonstrate good moral character, which includes fulfilling your tax obligations.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a child born outside the United States?

A: Generally, a child born outside the United States to a U.S. citizen parent may acquire U.S. citizenship at birth or through a process called “derivation.”

Q: What if I have spent extended periods outside the United States?

A: Extended absences from the United States may disrupt the continuous residence requirement. It’s essential to maintain a sufficient physical presence and consult an immigration attorney for specific guidance.

Q: Can I change my name during the naturalization process?

A: Yes, you can request a name change as part of your naturalization application. The name change process is typically done during the oath ceremony.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a criminal conviction?

A: Certain criminal convictions can impact your eligibility for naturalization. USCIS evaluates each case individually, considering factors such as the nature and severity of the offense.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a disability?

A: Having a disability does not automatically disqualify you from applying for citizenship. However, you must still meet the basic eligibility requirements, including language and civics requirements.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I received public assistance?

A: Receiving public assistance may affect your application if it is considered a public charge. It is better to understand the specific guidelines and seek legal advice if necessary.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I am currently in the process of a divorce?

A: If you are in the process of a divorce, it may impact your eligibility for naturalization, particularly if you obtained your green card through marriage. Consult an attorney to understand your options.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have unpaid child support?

A: Unpaid child support can affect your eligibility for naturalization, as it may impact your ability to demonstrate good moral character. It’s important to address any outstanding obligations.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a medical condition?

A: Having a medical condition does not automatically disqualify you from applying for citizenship. However, you must still meet the general requirements, including demonstrating good moral character.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have previously been deported?

A: Prior deportation may impact your eligibility for naturalization. In some cases, you may be subject to a reentry bar or need to seek a waiver. Consult an immigration attorney for personalized advice.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have served time in jail or prison?

A: A criminal record that includes a history of imprisonment can impact your eligibility for naturalization. USCIS evaluates each case and decides using its discretion. 

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have outstanding immigration violations?

A: Having outstanding immigration violations, such as visa overstays or unauthorized employment, can affect your eligibility for naturalization. It’s important to address and resolve any violations.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I am currently on probation or parole?

A: Being on probation or parole can impact your eligibility for naturalization. It is essential to complete your probation or parole period successfully and demonstrate good moral character before applying for citizenship. Consult an immigration attorney for guidance specific to your situation.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a history of immigration fraud?

A: A history of immigration fraud can have serious consequences for your eligibility for naturalization. USCIS thoroughly investigates cases involving fraud, and providing false information or documents can result in the denial of your application and potential immigration consequences.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I am a recipient of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)?

A: The program does not grant you official legal status or a pathway to citizenship, but it does allow you to apply for a driver’s license, social security number, and work permit. 

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I am a refugee or an asylee?

A: Refugees and asylees may be eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship after a certain period of permanent residency. The specific requirements and timing may vary, so consult an immigration attorney for guidance.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a green card through employment?

A: Yes, lawful permanent residents with green cards obtained through employment may be eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship after meeting the residency and other requirements.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have an expired green card?

A: It is generally recommended to have a valid green card when applying for naturalization. If your green card has expired, it’s important to renew it before submitting your citizenship application.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have unpaid student loans?

A: Unpaid student loans do not generally affect your eligibility for naturalization. However, keep in mind that demonstrating good moral character is an important requirement for citizenship.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I have a temporary visa?

A: No, temporary visa holders, such as H-1B or F-1 visa holders, are not eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship. Citizenship requires obtaining lawful permanent residency (a green card) first.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I don’t meet the residency requirements?

A: You must meet the residency requirements to apply for citizenship. However, there are exceptions for certain individuals, such as those married to U.S. citizens serving in the military or employed by the U.S. government abroad. Consult an immigration attorney for guidance specific to your situation.

Q: Can I apply for U.S. citizenship if I don’t have a high school diploma or equivalent?

A: Yes, you can apply for U.S. citizenship even if you don’t have a high school diploma or equivalent. The educational requirements for citizenship focus on basic English language skills and knowledge of U.S. civics.

Remember, immigration laws and policies can change, so it’s crucial to consult the official USCIS website or seek advice from an immigration attorney to obtain the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding your specific circumstances.